Fourth-Degree Perineal Laceration Involving Anal Mucosa: Clinical Management
1. Introduction A fourth-degree perineal laceration involving the anal mucosa is a severe obstetric injury characterized by the complete disruption of the perineal body, the external and internal anal sphincters, and the epithelial lining of the anal canal. The clinical objective is precise, layered surgical reconstruction to restore the barrier between the vagina and the … Read more