fetal complications

Fetal Disorders Due to Multiple Pregnancy: Risks, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management

1. Introduction A fetal disorder arising from a multiple pregnancy occurs when the presence of two or more fetuses within the uterine cavity alters normal development, introduces abnormal physiological competition, or compromises the structural capacity of the maternal environment. While carrying twins or higher-order multiples is a joyous event for many families, the biological reality … Read more

Fetal Disorders Due to Maternal Conditions During Pregnancy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Care

1. Introduction A fetal disorder resulting from a maternal condition during pregnancy encompasses a wide array of developmental, structural, and physiological abnormalities in the fetus caused by the underlying chronic or acute illness of the mother. The physiological environment of the developing fetus is entirely dictated by the metabolic, vascular, and immunological stability of the … Read more