Fourth-Degree Perineal Laceration: Causes, Symptoms, and Surgical Repair
1. Introduction A fourth-degree perineal laceration represents the most severe form of obstetric trauma that occurs during vaginal childbirth. This complex injury involves a tear that extends entirely through the perineal body, the external and internal anal sphincters, and penetrates the anorectal mucosa. The primary clinical objective is precise anatomical repair to restore normal pelvic … Read more