1. Introduction Closed iniencephaly is an exceedingly rare and complex congenital malformation belonging to the spectrum of neural tube defects. It is characterized by severe retroflexion (extreme backward bending) of the fetal head, profound defects in the cervical and thoracic spine, and the absence of a neck. The designation “closed” signifies that, unlike its open … Read more
1. Introduction Incomplete anencephaly, also medically categorized under the broader term meroanencephaly, is a severe congenital anomaly characterized by the partial absence of the cranial vault and overlying skin, with some preservation of brain tissue. The bottom line up front is that this condition is a profound neural tube defect occurring early in embryonic development, … Read more
1. Introduction to Holorachischisis Holorachischisis is a profound neural tube defect characterized by the complete failure of the spinal column to close during embryonic development. This congenital anomaly exposes the entire length of the spinal cord to the amniotic fluid, leading to severe, irreversible neurological impairment. It represents one of the most severe manifestations of … Read more
1. Introduction Hemimyelocele is a rare and complex form of spinal dysraphism characterized by a split spinal cord where one half of the cord herniates through a defect in the vertebral column, while the other half typically remains within the spinal canal. This condition is a subtype of neural tube defects and requires specialized pediatric … Read more