How to stop chronic hiccups that have lasted for several hours?
1. Introduction Stopping chronic hiccups involves interrupting the spastic reflex arc of the diaphragm by utilizing physical maneuvers that forcibly stimulate the vagus and phrenic nerves, such as executing the Valsalva maneuver, swallowing ice water rapidly, or inducing mild hypercapnia via breath-holding. Hiccups, clinically defined as singultus, are involuntary, myoclonic spasms of the diaphragmatic and … Read more